Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, et al. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Experimental Eye Research 1997;65(1):57-62.
Content: First supplementation study with Lutein. The authors showed that the modest period of supplementation has been estimated to have produced in the subjects a 30 to 40% reduction in blue light reaching the photoreceptors, Bruch's membrane, and the retinal pigment epithelium, the vulnerable tissues affected by AMD.
Original abstract / full paper
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Leung I, Tso M, Li W, Lam T. Absorption and tissue distribution of zeaxanthin and lutein in rhesus monkeys after taking Fructus lycii (Gou Qi Zi) extract. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001;42(2):466-71.
Content: Bioavailability of Zeaxanthin in monkeys after ingestion of Gou Qi Zi berries. Serum levels and macular density of zeaxanthin was raised by feeding a carotenoid-containing fraction of F. lycii.
Original abstract / full paper
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Cheng CY, Chung WY, Szeto YT, Benzie I. Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(1):123-30.
Content: Bioavailability of Zeaxanthin in humans after ingestion of Gou Qi Zi berries. This human supplementation trial shows that zeaxanthin in whole wolfberries is bioavailable and that intake of a modest daily amount markedly increases fasting plasma zeaxanthin levels.
Original abstract / full paper
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Breithaupt DE, Weller P, Wolters M, Hahn A. Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Br. J. Nutr. 2004;91(5):707-13.
Content: Bioavailability of Zeaxanthin in humans after ingestion of Gou Qi Zi berries, indicates that zeaxanthin-ester is better available.
Original abstract / full paper
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